Neuralink now joins Tesla, SpaceX and other highly ambitious, futuristic-sounding ventures spawned by Musk. It’s too early to tell if he’ll be able to achieve his lofty goals through Neuralink, but given Musk’s dedication to his other projects, it’s safe to say he’ll give it the royal try. Initially, Neurolink will likely develop technologies to treat brain disorders such as epilepsy, depression, and Parkinson’s, but it could then move to develop technologies specific to neural interfacing and cognitive enhancement. Musk is not alone in this emerging field, and he will have to compete against Kernel, a $100 million startup founded by Braintree founder Bryan Johnson, and Facebook, which recently posted jobs for “brain-computer interface engineers.” Government research arms like DARPA are also working to develop brain-implantable chips to treat mental illness and neurological disorders.

Making money is certainly a motivating factor for Musk, but if his intentions are to be believed, he’s also doing this to prevent humanity from a potential game-ending catastrophe. As Stephen Hawking and many others see it, greater-than-human artificial intelligence, also known as artificial superintelligence (ASI), represents an existential risk. These thinkers believe that either through error, indifference, or deliberate intention, an ASI could annihilate our entire civilization. As Musk apparently sees it, a possible prescription to this problem is to enhance humans alongside AI to ensure that we’re able to counter any threats before they emerge, and to keep up with AI if we’re to avoid being subjugated or destroyed. As Musk warned at a conference last year, “If you assume any rate of advancement in [artificial intelligence], we will be left behind by a lot.”

Interestingly, advances in neural interfacing and cognitive enhancement could progress faster than artificial intelligence. The reason is that we already have a decent functional model to tinker with: the human brain. AI researchers, on the other hand, are trying to build brains from scratch. In the effort to create greater-than-human levels of intelligence, the race could very well be won by those seeking to improve pre-existing human brains, a process known as radically amplified human intelligence.

This all sounds fine and well in theory, but it may all prove easier said than done. Musk’s team, or whichever firm sets down this path, will have to find a way to safely and effectively implant these chips. They’ll also have to find volunteers who are willing to undergo invasive brain surgeries, and who are comfortable with chips permanently attached to their brains. Before we even get to this stage, however, this initial burden will likely fall upon animals, which opens the door to some potentially frightening and ethically-fraught scenarios, including cognitively enhanced, or uplifted, animals.

The researchers will also have to ensure that people who undergo these brain-augmenting procedures will still be psychologically stable and capable of functioning in the real world. A moderate enhancement could result in a very Einsteinian-like personality, but boosting a person’s brain thousands or millions of times will assuredly result in something bearing no semblance to a human being. This so-called posthuman might relate to us the same way we relate to bacteria. An enhanced human could also be completely insane.

And herein lies the rub: By creating enhanced humans to counter ASI (an ethically problematic idea unto itself, as humans cannot be treated as a means to an end), we’re essentially creating the exact problem we’re trying to solve. There’s no guarantee that a radically cognitively-enhanced human will be safe, containable, or have goals and motivations compatible with human interests. These posthumans may come up with their own goals, or break-off into self-interested groups, each with its own agenda. Rivalries and technological arms races could emerge at levels greater than ever before.

There’s no question that ASI is a serious problem in the making, and we should most certainly be thinking about ways to mitigate this still-hypothetical threat. Thankfully, there are many other ideas out there that don’t involve the creation of yet more super-advanced entities, such as limiting the ability of AI to modify itself beyond certain bounds, or creating “friendly” AI incapable of harming humans.

For now, these sorts of speculations may be premature. Musk, like his rivals, still need to get his venture up-and-running, and prove the feasibility of his business plans. Musk may be the king of publicity, but given the slow pace of development at SpaceX and Tesla, it could be a while before this forward-looking entrepreneur sees any returns with Neuralink.

[Wall Street Journal]