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The Contrast Between Woven and Non-Woven Materials

This image shows top-down views of cotton flannel (left) and polyester (right).
This image shows top-down views of cotton flannel (left) and polyester (right). Image: E.P. Vicenzi/Smithsonian’s Museum Conservation Institute and NIST

Edward Vicenzi, the microscopist at NIST who created the photomicrographs, said that when he first saw the images, he was impacted by the difference between woven and non-woven materials under the microscope.

“I was instantly drawn into the beautiful interlocking patterns made by woven materials. Despite the simplicity of the patterns, each thread, which is made up of a bundle of fibers, has its own complex shape,” he said. “On the other hand, the non-woven materials like N95 and surgical masks, were like viewing a wildly chaotic scene filled with fibers of all sizes going in every direction. The contrast between the two types of textures hit me right in the face.”