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The cold (but hellish) Io

Io’s north polar region, as seen October 15, 2023.
Io’s north polar region, as seen October 15, 2023. Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS, Image processing by Ted Stryk

Io’s north polar region was observed by JunoCam in October 2023, revealing mountains (towards the top of the image, on the border of the terminator—the line between day and night on the moon). The image was taken when Juno was about 7,270 miles (11,700 kilometers) above Io. Even though Io is covered in volcanoes, its temperature away from those hotspots is well below freezing, according to NASA.